Lines, Angles, and Shapes
1. Lines and Angles
Basic Definitions
- Parallel Lines: Lines in a plane that never meet, no matter how far they extend.
- Perpendicular Lines: Lines that intersect at a right angle ($90^\circ$).
- Types of Angles:
- Acute: $0^\circ < \theta < 90^\circ$
- Right: $\theta = 90^\circ$
- Obtuse: $90^\circ < \theta < 180^\circ$
- Reflex: $180^\circ < \theta < 360^\circ$

Angle Relationships
- Angles on a straight line: Sum to $180^\circ$.
- Angles around a point: Sum to $360^\circ$.
- Vertically opposite angles: Are equal.
- Parallel Line Angles:
- Corresponding Angles: Equal (F-shape).
- Alternate Angles: Equal (Z-shape).
- Co-interior Angles: Sum to $180^\circ$ (C-shape).

2. Triangles
Types of Triangles
- Equilateral: All sides equal, all angles $60^\circ$.
- Isosceles: Two sides equal, two base angles equal.
- Scalene: No sides equal, no angles equal.
- Right-angled: One angle is $90^\circ$.

Properties
- Angle Sum: The interior angles of any triangle sum to $180^\circ$.
- Exterior Angle: The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.
3. Quadrilaterals
A four-sided polygon. Interior angles sum to $360^\circ$.
| Shape | Sides | Angles | Parallel Sides |
|---|---|---|---|
| Square | 4 equal | 4 right angles | Opposite sides parallel |
| Rectangle | Opposite sides equal | 4 right angles | Opposite sides parallel |
| Parallelogram | Opposite sides equal | Opposite angles equal | Opposite sides parallel |
| Rhombus | 4 equal | Opposite angles equal | Opposite sides parallel |
| Trapezium | Varies | Varies | $\ge 1$ pair parallel |
| Kite | 2 pairs adjacent equal | 1 pair opposite equal | None required |

4. Polygons
- Regular Polygon: All sides and all interior angles are equal.
- Irregular Polygon: Sides and angles are not all equal.
- Interior Angle Sum: $(n - 2) \times 180^\circ$, where $n$ is the number of sides.
- Interior Angle (Regular): $\frac{(n - 2) \times 180^\circ}{n}$.
- Exterior Angle Sum: Always $360^\circ$ for any convex polygon.
- Exterior Angle (Regular): $\frac{360^\circ}{n}$.
5. Circles
Terminology
- Centre: The fixed point from which all points on the circumference are equidistant.
- Radius: Distance from centre to circumference.
- Diameter: Distance across the circle through the centre ($d = 2r$).
- Circumference: The perimeter of the circle ($C = 2\pi r$).
- Chord: A line segment joining two points on the circumference.
- Tangent: A line that touches the circle at exactly one point.
- Arc: A part of the circumference.
- Sector: A “pie slice” area bounded by two radii and an arc.
- Segment: Area bounded by a chord and an arc.

6. Basic Construction
- Perpendicular Bisector: A line that cuts another line in half at $90^\circ$.
- Angle Bisector: A line that divides an angle into two equal parts.
- Triangle Construction: Using a ruler and compass to draw a triangle given three side lengths (SSS).