Electricity

Fundamental properties and behavior of electricity

Marking Scheme: Electrical Circuits Quiz This is the marking scheme for quiz: P6 - Electrical Circuits Quiz Topic guide: P6 - Electrical Circuits SECTION A: Multiple Choice Answers [10 marks] Question Correct Answer Rationale / Key Point 1 B) Current Ammeter measures electric current in amperes (A). Connected in series. 2 B) In series before the appliance, on the live wire Fuse must connect to live side; otherwise if on neutral it provides no protection after switching off. 3 C) Decreases significantly LDR resistance is inverse to light intensity (hence name). Lower in brightness. 4 B) Parallel circuit only In parallel, each branch operates independently; series breaks when one component fails. 5 C) 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 Standard reciprocal formula for parallel resistors. B is product-over-sum rule (equivalent). 6 B) Microwave oven (13 A) Higher power appliance draws more current; requires higher rated fuse for safety. 7 A) V_out increases In potential divider with LDR: if R1 increased, fraction of Vin across it increases. 8 D) Both B and C Switch on live isolates from high voltage; also protects neutral wire from overheating risks. 9 B) Circuit breakers can be reset after tripping… Key advantage: no permanent destruction like fuses which require replacement. 10 B) E_total = E1 + E2 + … Cells in series add algebraically (helping each other configuration). SECTION B: Short Answer Marking Scheme [30 marks] 11: Circuit Components and Symbols [6 marks] a) Component Functions [4 marks total, 1 mark each] Component Expected Answer(s) Acceptable Variations Resistor (Fixed) Limits/resists current flow; opposes current with constant resistance “Opposes current”, “Restricts electron flow”, “Dissipates energy as heat” Diode Allows current in one direction only; blocks reverse current “One-way valve for electricity”, “Blocks reverse bias”, “Forward conducts only” Thermistor (NTC) Resistance decreases as temperature increases Variable resistor - NTC = more resistance when cold, less when hot Transformer Changes AC voltage levels using mutual induction; steps up/down voltage “Changes p.d.”, “Voltage transformer”, “Works with AC only” b) Voltmeter Connected in Parallel [2 marks total] Mark Required / Acceptable Point 1 mark Must state voltmeter measures potential difference across component, NOT breaking current path through it 1 mark Should mention infinite/very high resistance ideal - connecting in series would break circuit or alter current significantly (“Would block current flow” or “Would introduce significant resistance and reduce circuit performance”) 12: Series and Parallel Circuits [8 marks] a) Three 1.5V Cells, Single 4Ω Resistor [5 marks total] Mark Required / Acceptable Point 1 mark (i) E_total = 1.5 V × 3 cells = 4.5 V 3 marks (ii) Current calculation: I = V/R = 4.5/4 = … = 1.125 A (show working) [1.5 + 1.0 + 0.5] 2 marks (iii) Explain cells add their e.m.f., giving more voltage drive to push current. Series combines forces (“Adding voltages pushes same charge through” - 1 mark; “Greater potential difference drives higher current by Ohm’s Law” - 1 mark) b) Two 6Ω Resistors in Parallel [5 marks total] Mark Required / Acceptable Point 2 marks (i) Correct reciprocal formula setup: 1/R_total = 1/6 + 1/6 [1 mark]; R_total = 3 Ω or correct calculation [1 mark] Alternatively: R × R / (R + R) = 36/12 = 3 [3 marks for direct answer with working shown] 2 marks (ii) Currents: I_1 = V/R_1 = 12/6 = 2.0 A. I_2 = 12/6 = 2.0 A (show V=IR rearrangement) [1 mark each] Or: “Each resistor has full supply voltage, so apply Ohm’s Law independently” 13: Potential Dividers and Sensors [8 marks] a) Calculate V_out for R1=3kΩ, R2=6kΩ, Vin=9V [3 marks] Mark Required / Acceptable Point 1 mark State formula: V_1 = V_in × (R_1/R_1+R_2) [or equivalent] 2 marks (total) Substitution correct [1 mark]. Final answer: 3.0 V and method clear showing fraction calculation [1 mark for 9 × 3/9 or similar, giving result to appropriate sig figs] b) Voltmeter Behavior with Sensors [4 marks total] Mark Scenario / Expected Answer(s) 2 marks (LDR + Light ↑) V_out decreases as resistance drops; smaller fraction of Vin dropped across LDR. Alternative wording acceptable: “Light reduces LDR ohms, making divider output less” [1 mark each point] 2 marks (Thermistor + Temp ↓) V_out increases as NTC thermistor resistance increases in cold; larger voltage fraction drops to it. Alternative: “Cold gives high resistive value and raises divider reading across it” [1 mark each point - 1 for direction, 1 for mechanism explanation] 1 mark (Variable potentiometer) Sliding contact allows continuous/range adjustment of output voltage ratio without changing fixed values; “Smooth adjustment possible across entire input range from zero to full Vin” c) Applications and Configurations [4 marks total] LDR circuit: Dark = High R_LDR → V_out high enough to trigger relay. Light = Low R → V_out low, relay off. Must show understanding of state inversion in logic. Explanation of potential divider setup: Fixed resistor at top connected to Vin, LDR forming bottom leg (to ground) gives maximum output when light is removed. Alternative acceptable configuration explanation [4 marks: 1 mark for dark/light resistance behavior, 2 marks for voltage reading direction, 1 mark for relay activation threshold logic] 14: Electrical Safety and Protection [8 marks] a) Four Mains Hazards [4 marks - 1 each] Hazard Acceptable Answer(s) Marks Damaged Insulation Exposed wires touching live/earth or people; leads to shock or short-circuit fire 1 Overheating Cables Too many/high-rated currents create heat via I²R losses in thin/coiled cables 1 Damp/Wet Conditions Water (conductor) reduces skin resistance, allowing much higher current through person at shock time 1 Overloading Multiple appliances on one wall socket multi-draw; house wires heat up internally from excess mains load; start fires 1 b Fuse Protection Operation [3 marks] Mark Required / Acceptable Point 1 mark Current surges through short circuit live-to-earth fault path exceeding fuse rating 1 mark Heat generated in thin fused wire (I²R loss) melts the fusible metal element 1 mark Circuit opens/breaks; appliance disconnected from live supply; prevents earth shock/fire hazard c Double Insulation [1 mark] Expected Answer: Fully plastic non-conducting outer case provides secondary protection, so no earth connection needed. Even if internal wiring touches casing, outer layer cannot conduct high voltage to user. Alternative wording acceptable regarding “two layers of insulation prevent contact with live parts”. Note: Avoid mentioning earthing since question asks preference for double insulation over it. ...

Marking Scheme: Electricity Quiz This is the marking scheme for quiz: P5 - Electricity Quiz Topic guide: P5 - Electricity Section A: Multiple Choice c) Electrons (1) a) $1.6 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$ (1) b) Positive to negative (1) d) Increasing the length (1) c) Current (1) b) Positive terminal to negative terminal (1) Section B: Short Answer Charging by Friction (3 marks) Rubbing two materials (e.g., balloon and hair) causes electron transfer (1). One material loses electrons and becomes positive; the other gains electrons and becomes negative (1). Example: Electrons move from hair to balloon (or vice versa), creating a static charge (1). Conduction vs Induction (4 marks) ...

Physics Quiz: Electricity Time allowed: 45 minutes Total marks: 30 Section A: Multiple Choice Which particle is the primary carrier of negative charge in metals? a) Protons b) Neutrons c) Electrons d) Ions What is the value of the elementary charge (e)? a) $1.6 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$ b) $1.6 \times 10^{19}\text{ C}$ c) $6.25 \times 10^{-18}\text{ C}$ d) $1.0 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$ In an electric field, field lines are drawn from: a) Negative to positive b) Positive to negative c) Center to periphery d) North to south Which of the following increases the resistance of a wire? a) Increasing the cross-sectional area b) Decreasing the length c) Decreasing the temperature d) Increasing the length The rate of flow of electric charge is called: a) Voltage b) Resistance c) Current d) Power Conventional current flows in which direction? a) Negative terminal to positive terminal b) Positive terminal to negative terminal c) From higher resistance to lower resistance d) Randomly in all directions Section B: Short Answer Answer the following questions in the space provided. Marks are indicated in brackets. ...