Reproduction produces new organisms. Asexual reproduction uses one parent and produces genetically identical offspring. Sexual reproduction involves fusion of nuclei from two gametes, producing a genetically different offspring. Asexual and sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction needs one parent and no fusion of gamete nuclei. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to one another, except for mutations. Examples include: Binary fission in some single-celled organisms Budding in yeast Runners producing new plantlets in plants such as strawberries Bulbs, tubers, or stem cuttings producing new plants Advantages in a stable environment: ...

Simple magnetism Poles and materials Like magnetic poles repel. Unlike poles attract. Magnetic materials can be attracted to a magnet and can become magnetised; non-magnetic materials are not attracted. Soft iron is easy to magnetise and demagnetise. It is used for temporary magnets and electromagnets. Steel is harder to magnetise but keeps its magnetism. It is used for permanent magnets. Induced magnetism occurs when a magnetic material becomes magnetised in an external field. The end nearest a magnet becomes the opposite pole, so the material is attracted. Magnetic fields A magnetic field is a region where a magnetic pole experiences a force. Field direction is the direction of force on a north pole. Around a bar magnet, field lines go from north to south outside the magnet. They never cross. Lines closer together show a stronger field. ...

Core quadratic graphs and graphical solutions; Supplement (Extended) reciprocal, cubic, exponential, tangent, derivative, and stationary-point work. Focus on required graph features: roots, symmetry, turning points, asymptotes, end behaviour, and gradients.

Covers biological coordination systems, contrasting quick electric signals (Nervous System) with sustained chemical messages (Hormones). Emphasis placed on mechanisms like negative feedback (glucose homeostasis) and comparison of coordination methods across animals and plants.

Excretion is the process by which organisms remove waste products and excess substances from the body. In humans, excretion maintains internal balance by removing metabolic byproducts and regulating fluid and ion levels. Two primary systems handle human excretion: the respiratory system and the urinary system.